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Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has employed sexual violence against women and men in a manner that has been described as "terrorism". Sexual violence, as defined by The World Health Organization includes “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.” ISIL has utilized sexual violence in order to undermine a sense of security within communities, as well as to raise funds through the sale of captives into sexual slavery.〔
==Stated justification==
In October 2014, in its digital magazine ''Dabiq'', ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women. Specifically, ISIL argued that the Yazidi were idol worshipers and appealed to the shariah practice of spoils of war.〔Athena Yenko, ("Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine," ) ''International Business Times-Australia'', October 13, 2014〕〔Allen McDuffee, ("ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children," ) ''The Atlantic'', Oct 13 2014〕〔Salma Abdelaziz, ("ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women," ) CNN, October 13, 2014〕〔("To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines," ) ''The Economist'', Oct 18th 2014〕〔By AFP, ("ISIS jihadists boast of enslaving Yazidi women," ) ''Al Arabiya'', October 13, 2014〕 ISIL asserts that certain Hadith and Qur’anic verses support their right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women. ISIL appealed to apocalyptic beliefs and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."〔Nour Malas, ("Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas," ) ''The Wall Street Journal'', Nov. 18, 2014 (accessed Nov. 22, 2014)〕 According to ''Dabiq,'' "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia’s that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam."〔 In late 2014 ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.〔Amelia Smith, ("ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves," ) ''Newsweek'', 12/9/2014〕〔〔Katharine Lackey, ("Pamphlet provides Islamic State guidelines for sex slaves," ) ''USA Today'', December 13, 2014〕 It says fighters are allowed to have sex with adolescent girls and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owner.〔〔〔〔〔 Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorent".〔Adam Withnall, ("Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives," ) ''The Independent'', 10 December 2014〕〔Carey Lodge, ("Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women," ),''Christianity Today'', 15 December 2014〕 ''The New York Times'' said in August 2015 that "()he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."
ISIL has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Qur'an to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Qur’an and Hadith.〔〔〔 In late September 2014 a group of 126 Islamic scholars had signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, rejecting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions. The letter accused the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php )〕 According to Martin Williams in ''The Citizen'', some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes". According to Mona Siddiqui, ISIL's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes ISIL as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood". In response to the ISIL pamphlet on the treatment of slaves Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find ISIL's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".〔Greg Botelho, ("ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK," ) ''CNN'', December 13, 2014〕 Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of these claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is unislamic, that they are required to protect ‘People of the Scripture’ including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that ISIL's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam.〔http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/〕〔http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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